In the realm of blockchain, there's a hot topic known as "Layer 2," which acts as an overhead bridge built onto a busy highway, intending to accelerate and streamline traffic flow. Envision major cryptocurrency networks such as Bitcoin and Ethereum—despite their fame, they confront a shared predicament: a limited number of transactions processed per second (TPS), akin to a two-lane road congested during rush hour. Layer 2 is the solution aimed at alleviating this "traffic jam," enabling these networks to handle more transactions at a faster pace.


Layer 2 solutions construct an advanced expressway atop existing blockchains (referred to as Layer 1). Two prime examples are Bitcoin's Lightning Network and Ethereum's Plasma.


The Lightning Network operates similarly to a prepaid coffee shop card. You establish a "state channel" with the café; instead of executing a bank transfer for each coffee purchase, you simply keep a tally on the card, settling all transactions on the Bitcoin main chain only when the credit is exhausted or the channel is closed. This approach keeps myriad minor transactions off the main chain, significantly boosting speed.


Then there's Plasma, employing "sidechain" technology. Picture it as branches on a tree, with the Ethereum main chain being the trunk and sidechains the branches. These sidechains independently process transactions, later consolidating results on the main chain. This method enables swift completion of numerous transactions on sidechains, vastly enhancing processing capabilities.


Why go to such lengths to develop Layer 2? The rationale is straightforward: attempting extensive modifications directly on Layer 1 is akin to changing an engine mid-drive, posing high risks and potentially compromising system security. Layer 2 strategies, in contrast, are like fitting a turbocharger to a vehicle, enhancing performance without altering its fundamental structure. They permit blockchains to manage hundreds or even thousands of transactions per second without sacrificing security, a feat unattainable for Layer 1.